First fuzzing exercise: used AFL++ and ASan to find and exploit a stack buffer overflow in a custom C program, hijacking RIP to reach a win() function.

A brief explanation of the stack canary and how to bypass it

A breakdown of PIE + ASLR, what they do, how they're connected, and how to bypass them.

A breakdown of RELRO, what it does, and how it can be bypassed.

Explaining libc, GOT, and PLT and how attackers exploit them for ROP.